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Antioxidant Chart
and other supplements - vitamins, minerals, etc.
Dangers of Oxygen Toxicity -
Too much of a good thing.
Oxygen toxicity was first described in 1878, when laboratory animals
were exposed to pure oxygen, and these deleterious effects were further
established in 1899. During the Battle of Britain in World War II, pilots
breathing pure oxygen for several hours daily developed emphysema, scarred
lungs, and the effects of greatly accelerated aging. In some cases, the
pilots looked and acted like men who were more than three times their age.
One of the most tragic episodes of oxygen toxicity occurred later in the
1940s, when newborn infants were placed in oxygen-rich incubators. Some of
the newborns went blind because their eye tissue had not yet accumulated
dietary antioxidant carotenoids to protect against the toxic effects of
higher-than-normal oxygen concentrations.
When placed in hyperbaric chambers of pure oxygen with several
atmospheres of pressure, laboratory animals die within a matter of
minutes. By contrast, when the atmospheric pressure is slowly increased
over a period of days, the animals manage to survive, because their bodies
have time to produce higher-than-normal levels of the antioxidant enzymes
that protect against oxygen toxicity. The lungs of animals exposed to
higher-than-normal oxygen concentrations reveal massive tissue damage
caused by too much oxygen, a condition known as hyperoxia. Thus, at
higher-than-normal concentrations, oxygen is a toxic element. Oxygen
utilization by aerobic (that is, oxygen-requiring) organisms such as
humans is associated with the generation of potent free radicals.
From Whole Health MD (click
here to read entire article)
Over the last several decades, scientists have discovered that the
body's formation of unstable oxygen molecules called free radicals is
unavoidable -- every cell produces tens of thousands of them each day.
We're also exposed to free radicals in the environment on a daily
basis. Cigarette smoke, for instance, is one of the most concentrated
sources of free radicals.
Left unchecked, free radicals can cause extensive cell damage and
contribute to a whole list of chronic diseases. Luckily, the body does
have a defense system against these rogue "oxidant" compounds:
antioxidants. Found in numerous fruits and vegetables, and even
produced naturally by the human body, antioxidants literally "mop up"
free radicals. Special tips:
-- Take a high-potency multivitamin/mineral and a well-balanced
antioxidant complex every day. It may be necessary to adjust the dosages
outlined below to account for your own daily vitamin regimen. All of
these supplement recommendations also assume you are eating a healthful
diet.
-- Opt for an antioxidant combination product rather than a single
antioxidant supplement. The latest studies indicate that a single
antioxidant at high doses will not provide the same degree of protection
as a combination of antioxidants. In fact, a single antioxidant used by
itself may be harmful, becoming a free radical itself. When other
antioxidants are present, they all help recycle each other. Combination
products are also more convenient and less expensive than individual
antioxidants.
For general good health: Look for an antioxidant complex that
contains at least the nutrients listed here in the recommended dosage.
Combination products vary considerably. In general, look for a product
that will increase the number of different antioxidants you take each
day rather than simply duplicating those already found in your daily
multiple vitamin.
Basic antioxidant vitamins:
- 800-1,000 mg vitamin C
- 400 IU vitamin E
- 100-200 mcg selenium
- 10,000-50,000 IU mixed carotenes
- 15-30 mg zinc
- 1-2 mg copper
"Enriching" antioxidants:
- 50-100 mg proanthocyanidins (including flavonoids, such as grape
seed extract, pine bark, and red wine)
- 50-150 mg NAC (N-acetylcysteine)
- 50-100 mg alpha-lipoic acid
- 10-30 mg coenzyme Q10
- 30 mg ginkgo biloba
- 25-100 mg green tea extract
Different dosages or other antioxidants may be recommended for specific
health conditions. See the individual entries in the WholeHealthMD
Reference Library (look in Health Links (button in right pane) under
General Links) for more information.
Take antioxidant supplements with meals. Foods that contain a little
bit of fat enhance the absorption of vitamin E and carotenoids.
It's best to take antioxidant supplements in two doses during the
day. That way, you are constantly providing your body with a fresh
supply.
Opt for natural vitamin E supplements. Studies show that E derived
from natural sources is better absorbed than synthetic forms of the
vitamin. But don't rely simply on the word ''natural'' on the label.
Check the ingredient list for d-alpha tocopherol (a natural form of
vitamin E). Don't buy those that contain dl-alpha tocopherol.
In addition to antioxidant supplements, it is important to include
plenty of vegetables, fruits, and other plant foods in your diet. Many
of the flavonoids are not available in supplement form, and there are
probably many undiscovered beneficial compounds in plant foods.
A number of important antioxidants are found in foods:
- Vitamin C is plentiful in fruits and vegetables, especially
dark leafy greens, citrus fruits, strawberries, red peppers, kiwi,
papaya, broccoli, cabbage, and cauliflower. If you eat six servings or
more of fruits and vegetables each day, you may not need a vitamin C
supplement.
- Carotenoids are found in orange fruits and vegetables and
in red and dark green vegetables. Apricots, carrots, cantaloupe, sweet
potatoes, and winter squash are good sources of beta-carotene.
Lycopene is found in tomatoes. Lutein is found in dark green leafy
vegetables and red peppers. Alpha-carotene is found in pumpkin,
carrots, yellow peppers, and winter squash.
- Vegetable oils, nuts and seeds, wheat germ, and dark leafy greens
all contain vitamin E. But it's impossible to get therapeutic
amounts of the vitamin from diet alone. For example, you'd need to eat
25 pounds of almonds or consume nearly 9 cups of canola oil to get 400
IU of vitamin E.
- Flavonoids are found in a wide array of fruits and
vegetables. In particular, beets contain anthocyanidins, green tea
contains polyphenols, and apples and onions contain quercetin. Other
good flavonoid sources include citrus fruits, berries, and red wine.
People on anticoagulant drugs should talk to their doctor before
taking antioxidant complexes containing more than 400 IU of vitamin E.
This popular antioxidant can have an anticoagulant effect of its own
when taken in higher doses.
A report about the following experimentation was on one of
the evening news shows. The benefits of antioxidants and ridding your body
of free radicals are becoming better known. Whether this will increase
your life span and prevent illnesses? Read the article - decide for
yourself.
Protandim May Slow Aging
Process by Increasing Enzymes That Fight Free Radicals
June 2, 2005 --
Dr. Joe McCord's latest research
may unravel the mystery of aging. And if he succeeds, the answer could
come in the form of a little yellow pill called Protandim.
The University of
Colorado at Denver biochemistry professor has conducted decades of
experiments into a special class of enzymes in the cell that some hope
have the potential of extending lives and possibly preventing chronic
diseases like cancer, diabetes and heart disease.
Much of his work has
centered on oxidative stress — which increases with age. TBARS, which are
a measure of oxidative stress, can also be a rough indicator of a person's
actual age.
But, McCord has found
that the ingredients in Protandim lowered the test subject's level of
oxidative stress.
"They all are reduced
to the level of oxidative stress that one would expect, frankly, in a
newborn. Or a very young child,' he said.
Dangerous Radicals
To be sure, there have
been other supposed "miracle" drugs and treatments that never delivered on
their promise to delay or even stop human aging. But McCord, research
director in the company that makes Protandim, believes this pill might be
different.
To understand how
Protandim works, you have to first understand how aging occurs.
Aging is "a slow
progression of oxidative stress," McCord said. Much of oxidative stress
comes from the basic function of eating.
As cells burn food,
they also release toxic chemicals known as "free radicals" which cause
cell damage and consequently — oxidative stress.
The body fights back by
making two anti-oxidant enzymes — Catalase and SOD. But as people get
older, those enzymes can get overwhelmed.
For a long time,
scientists thought that anti-oxidant vitamins like C and E could lower
oxidation, but many experts now believe they aren't effective.
Protandim, McCord said,
is much more powerful. Tests on both mice and humans have already shown
that it revs up the body's manufacture of those enzymes — thereby reducing
the presence of those harmful free radicals.
However, McCord cannot
say at this point whether or not Protandim could lead to a longer life.
Experiments to see if mice live longer are about to get under way.
Studies have not yet
been conducted to determine whether Protandim can prevent disease.
"Right now, all we know
is that this preparation decreases oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is
not a disease, just like aging is not, in itself, a disease," he said.
"But it's something that accompanies, and is attached, to many disease
processes."
The Power of Enzymes
McCord said Protandim
could be "something that will tell us a lot more about how we age. What
happens biochemically. And maybe how we can slow it down."
And there is some other
promising independent evidence that seems to back him up.
Dr. Douglas Wallace of
the University of California at Irvine conducted an experiment and found
that mice that have been genetically engineered to produce more catalase,
one of the enzymes that Protandim increases, lived about 20 percent
longer.
Wallace believes that
with better techniques the lifespan for humans can eventually be extended
too. "We might be able to increase the lifespan by 50 percent. And of
course if that was a human being, then that might be in the order of 130
to 150 years," he said.
Dr. Michael Brownlee,
who heads the Center for Research on Diabetic Complications at Albert
Einstein Medical College, conducted another experiment involving another
enzyme boosted by Protandim called SOD.
He tested diabetic mice
and found their wounds simply don't heal — a problem common for diabetics.
But when another diabetic mouse that was genetically engineered to have
more SOD was wounded, it healed much better.
"Even though they were
diabetic, they healed, just like the normal," he said. "It is a
breakthrough."
Secret Formula
Protandim may seem to
have incredible potential, but its roots are actually very humble.
It is a combination of
five plant ingredients. Two of them are pretty commonplace — green tea and
turmeric, a spice used in Indian cooking. The others, among them withania
somnifera, and silybum marianum, are more exotic.
"There's a huge human
experience with each of these ingredients," McCord said. "They've been
used often in traditional medicine in India and China and many other
cultures in some cases for centuries and centuries."
And that experience,
plus his tests on human subjects so far, indicates that the ingredients
are safe.
And so, ancient Eastern
healing and modern Western medicine may soon be working together.
High oxidative stress
is associated with more than aging. It's been linked to hundreds of
illnesses, from cancer to heart disease to Parkinson's and even
depression.
But McCord said: "We
make no claims about curing any disease, or preventing any disease. We
hope that when enough studies are done, perhaps such claims might be made
in the future."
Because Protandim is
composed of herbal ingredients with a long history of use, it is being
marketed as a nutraceutical, and does not require FDA approval.
However, the company is
planning further clinical studies in three to four months to assess
Protandim in both diabetes and heart disease, which will be submitted for
substantiation.
Protandim®
www.protandim.com
Protandim is a unique patent-pending blend of botanicals from
ancient traditions. They have been combined and balanced to cause the body
to produce and co-regulate its natural antioxidant enzymes, the key
defense system against oxidative stress. Protandim has been
formulated using high quality, potent herbal extracts processed under
proprietary extraction technologies. It therefore provides powerful
antioxidant protection against oxidative stress, for healthier longevity.
Money-back Guarantee
We stand behind our product! You can return this bottle at any time for a
full refund of the Protandim purchase price. If you are unsatisfied
for any reason, please call our Customer Care Team at 1-877-488-1711 for a
refund and return instructions.
$49.95
One-time order (30-day supply)
Protandim Formula:
Proprietary Blend 675 mg:
* Milk thistle extract (Silybum marianum) (seed)
* Bacopa extract (Bacopa monneri) (aerial part)
* Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) (root)
* Green tea extract (Camellia sinensis) (leaf)
* Turmeric extract (Curcuma longa) (rhizome)
Other opinions
"I just thought of this: that
formula is for one pill. You're only supposed to take one per day. This
costs $50 per month. Regarding the ingredients, AOR (Advanced
Orthomolecular Research Inc., Calgary, Alberta, CANADA)
recommends 1 capsule of a 300mg bacopa extract
daily, 1-2 capsules of their 750mg extract of ashwagandha, 1-3 capsules of
a 700 mg green tea extract and 1-8 capsules of a 500mg turmeric
extract. Seeing as how AOR is one of the most rigorous companies when it
comes to research backing for their ingredients and dosage, it seems
logical to trust their word. At only 615 mg per capsule, there's no way
that Protandim is delivering anywhere near optimal levels of the
ingredients it contains, and at a hefty premium over buying from a more
reputable source like AOR."
"So I was watching TV last night and they
had this "special" edition of Primetime. They talked about this new
supplement called "Protandim." The report made the pill seem very powerful
and mysterious, repeatedly asking "Is this the fountain of youth?" and
then went on to talk about exotic, faraway herbs, showing an image of a
milk thistle plant while the reporter read their Latin names. The
ingredients, which I've posted below, are instantly recognizable by any
imminst (Immortality Institute) member."
"Apparently it increases levels of Superoxide Dismutase and Catalase,
which the report said were the body's two antioxidants (what about
glutathione?). The reporter took the pill for a few days, and then they
measured his "oxidative stress" levels, which were supposedly much lower
than before. Actually the company researcher stated they were the level of
a twenty year old's. Anyway, just thought I'd throw this out there. The
report mildly piqued my interest but when they read the ingredients I
realized I am probably getting any supposed benefit already, as I take
most of these substances."
"Found a similar product at health food store for under 24.00 US
dollars. Contains similar ingredients, turmeric and green tea, also
rosemary, parsley, ginger, peppermint, and clove... a study done by this
company (guess I can't mention their name, as it may be considered
advertising) on only 20 human subjects showed same results as Primetime
reported on June 3 2005. I mentioned the ingredients to the sales person
and they directed me to this product which she herself raved about as the
best Botanical antioxidant she had ever used. So I'll try it and start my
anti-age program."
"My husband bought a bottle and has been taking it for 4 days. I simply
bought a bottle of each ingredient: bacopa, milk thistle, ashwagandha,
green tea and turmeric. I can't "feel" anything but reading about the
benefits of green tea, ash. and turm. for 4,000 years is sure encouraging!
You can get Turmeric for a lot less than $50 / 30 pills."
"Just a note: In health news this week were studies noting that perhaps
turmeric - one of the ingredients in Protandum - could halt or prevent the
spread of cancer (MD Anderson Cancer Center, for one). NIH has given a
grant to study this.
The following is a quote from the Reuters article.
"Turmeric, a yellow spice used widely in Indian cooking, may help stop the
spread of cancer, U.S. researchers reported on Thursday.
Tests in mice showed that curcumin, an active compound found in turmeric,
helped stop the spread of breast cancer tumor cells to the lungs.
Tests have already started in people, too, said Bharat Aggarwal of the
Department of Experimental Therapeutics at the University of Texas M.D.
Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, who led the study.""
Author: Patrick Bailey
... according to McCord, Protandim isn't expected to increase human
lifespan nor reverse visible signs of aging. So why take it?
Protandim's supposed payoff is an increase in "healthy life
expectancy," which Lifeline defines as "a term used to describe general
improvement in health, increased energy, reduction of incidence and
severity of age-related diseases typically experienced in the last ten
years of life, and general improvement in the quality of life in these
latter years."
So, while we won't become immortal supermodels taking Protandim, it
might reduce or eliminate risks associated with some age-related
illnesses. But does research support even these more modest benefits?
From semantics to science
What sets Lifeline apart from other supplement companies claiming the
next big thing in antiaging? The science behind Protandim is part of the
difference, says Lifeline.
To understand why Protandim might extend healthy life expectancy, you
need to understand the free radical theory of aging. According to this
theory, aging is at least partly a result of the damage caused by free
radicals—harmful substances produced by metabolic activity in our bodies.
"In essence, these are fragments of molecules that are inherently unstable
and reactive. They are usually minor byproducts of incomplete combustion,
not unlike the tailpipe emissions of a worn-out automobile," says McCord.
Protandim was developed by Maynard, Massachusetts-based biotechnology
company CereMedix, from which
Lifeline has a license for the product. CereMedix discovered a group of peptides derived from
proteins in the body that activate genes for natural antioxidant defenses.
Specifically, Protandim upregulates the production of three antioxidants: Superoxide
dismutase (SOD),
catalase (CAT) and
glutathione
peroxidase (GPX). These provide a ready defense against the damage
caused by free radicals.
There is much evidence that free radicals contribute to disease and
aging, and that antioxidants can help stem some of the damage.
SOD—codiscovered by McCord in 1969—is sometimes stated to be the most
significant antioxidant enzyme in the body. In a press release, Lifeline
calls SOD the body's primary antioxidant and points out that studies have
linked it to aging in 14 different species, including humans. Species with
the most SOD have been found to live the longest, and Lifeline says that
studies have found that the longer life comes in the form of extended
youthfulness.
Are antioxidants enough?
But despite such findings, we don't have a complete picture yet of how
free radicals and antioxidants affect aging.
A recent critic of the free radical theory of aging is Tony Segal,
director of University College London's Centre for Molecular Medicine. In
a study published this February, Segal and colleagues found
reason to question the basis for antioxidant supplementation. The
researchers found that certain immune system cells kill microbes using
enzymes rather than free radicals, which contradicted the theory that free
radicals were the killers, and hence were toxic enough to damage cells.
"Our work shows that the basic theory underlying the toxicity of oxygen
radicals is flawed," Segal said of the study. "Many patients might be
using expensive antioxidant drugs based upon completely invalid theories
as to their therapeutic potential. All the theories relating to their
causation of disease by antioxidants must, at the very least, be
evaluated."
Another study by Joel Parker of the University of Lausanne in
Switzerland and colleagues, published this March, also found reason to
question the antioxidant-longevity link—and more specifically, to
question the link between SOD and longevity. Examining the production
of a form of SOD in ants, the researchers found that the ants' production
of free radicals was more important than their production of antioxidants
in determining their longevity.
While it's doubtful that such findings are enough to undo the entire
free radical theory of aging, they remind us at the very least that there
are still unknown aspects to it. So while Protandim may very well increase
the body's production of powerful antioxidants, this in itself is no
guarantee that it will extend healthy life expectancy.
There are also competing theories of aging that look beyond the
damaging effects of free radicals and oxidative stress. One such school of
thought is the evolutionary theory of aging, which states that aging is
caused by both an organism's genetics and its environment.
The idea driving the evolutionary theory is that organisms living in
protected environments age more slowly than those in hazardous
environments. The environmental factors help determine lifespan by
regulating how genetics retard or hasten the aging process. In a 2002
publication, evolutionary theorist Thomas B.L. Kirkwood says, "If 90% of
wild mice are dead by the age of 10 months, any investment in programming
survival much beyond this point can benefit at most 10% of the population.
This immediately suggests that there will be little evolutionary advantage
in programming long-term survival capacity into a mouse." So, rather than
proposing that there are genes whose primary function is to control aging,
evolutionary theorists say that genes affect aging by determining how
cellular resources are used.
If the evolutionary theory of aging is valid, then how much of the
aging process is determined genetically, rather than by the damage of
oxidative stress? Although it may not be a clear-cut matter of genetics
versus oxidative stress, we can at least formulate a preliminary estimate.
According to Kirkwood's publication, twin studies show that genetics
determine a quarter to one-third of the lifespan puzzle.
Still, this only complicates rather than refutes the free radical
theory. As Aubrey de Gray of the University of Cambridge's Department of
Genetics in the UK says, "It's not possible to partition things into free
radical damage versus other things, because everything affects everything
else: our genetics determines the rate of free radical production, free
radical scavenging, repair of free radical damage..."
Work in progress
What are consumers to make of all this when it comes to a buying
decision?
With antiaging research still in its early stages, it's too early to
tell for sure whether Protandim will offer tangible benefits.
To date, Lifeline has released statements indicating that its
preclinical trials are completed and the first phase of human trials has
begun. The preclinical study involved a 23-day experiment on mice. The
results showed a reduction of lipid peroxidation by 60% to 75% in both
plasma and liver, as well as a decrease of more than 90% percent in brain
tissue. Lipid peroxidation refers to the oxidation of lipids, a process
that can destroy cell membranes. The human trials will involve a 120-day
study on volunteers over 18 years old.
So while Protandim has shown promise, and Lifeline appears genuinely
committed to marketing a scientifically reputable product, there are still
many questions. Is antioxidant upregulation in mammals enough to increase
"healthy life expectancy?" Only long-term clinical trials can detail the
good (and possibly bad) of Protandim's method of action. And then there's
another nagging question: If Protandim works, will it work for everybody?
Says Parker, "Evolutionary theory predicts that it is very unlikely to
have one magic bullet that would work for everyone."
Patrick Bailey holds a master's degree in philosophy from the
University of South Florida. He specializes in the philosophy of mind,
neuroscience and theory of knowledge, and is a technical writer for the IT
industry.
The "recommended" column is what I have found that
various sources on the web claim to be therapeutic for certain conditions
(as noted in the first column), except as noted as "RDA".
The % RDA columns are amounts of the governments recommended daily
allowance. I don't know how much value the government's RDA has. For
example, the RDA for vitamin E is about 100 IUs. This is the amount
necessary to prevent beriberi. All well and good, but tests have shown
that more is necessary to treat certain conditions (i.e.; 400 IUs help to
prevent leg cramps).
Column with heading 1 lists what is contained in:
1.
Dr. Venessa's Ultimate Antioxidant
Column with heading 2 lists what is contained in:
2. American Health Nutri Mega Super Potency With Antioxidants
|
|
recommended |
1 |
% RDA |
2 |
% RDA |
|
Vitamin A
nuclear cataract (risk reduction of 90 per cent) |
3000 micrograms/day (15,000 IU) |
25,000 IU |
500% |
10,000 IU – fish liver oil and beta carotine |
200% |
|
Beta Carotene
body converts beta-carotene into vitamin A.
must be taken as part of an antioxidant supplement formula featuring
other carotenoids, vitamins C and E, and selenium.
effective for heart disease and cancer, potential for treating chronic
fatigue syndrome, Alzheimer's disease, fibromyalgia, male infertility,
and psoriasis. low levels of beta-carotene and other antioxidants have
been linked to the development of cataracts |
50 mg (85,000 IU)
10,000 IU fulfills RDA for vitamin A
some danger with high dosage, especially for
smokers |
10,000 IU |
** |
|
|
|
Vitamin E (d-alpha)
glucose metabolism; insulin sensitivity;
protects cell membrane;
diabetes, immune disorders, AIDS, muscle damage in exercise,
Parkinson's disease, eye diseases, and lung and liver diseases |
800 – 1200 IU |
400 IU |
1,333% |
300 IU |
1,000% |
|
Vitamin D
just as essential as calcium for healthy teeth and
bones.
increases
calcium absorption.
may help maintain a healthy immune system and help regulate
cell growth and differentiation |
RDA
to 50 years
200 IUs
51 - 70 years
400 IUs
71 years +
600 IUs |
400 IU |
100% |
400 IU |
100% |
|
Vitamin K
needed for proper bone formation and blood clotting. Prevents
osteoporosis. |
RDA
65 to 80 mcg |
120 mcg |
** |
|
|
|
Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
prevent glycosylation and accumulation of sorbitol;
increased FMD in smokers
antioxidant. Diminishes effects of colds, flu. |
2 gm |
1,000 mg |
1,666% |
300 mg |
500% |
|
Super Oxide Dismutase
protects
against oxidative stress.
See remarks below |
|
1,000 mg |
** |
|
|
|
Bioflavonoids (Citrus Quercetin, Hesperidin,
Rutin, Eriocitin)
strengthen capillaries and other connective tissue. Some function as
anti-inflammatory, antihistaminic, and antiviral agents |
|
655 mg |
** |
30 mg |
* |
|
Vitamin B-1 (Thiamin)
lower the risk of nuclear cataract by 40 per cent |
greater than 4.4 mg/day |
50 mg |
3,333% |
50 mg |
3,333% |
|
Vitamin B-2 (Riboflavin)
protective against cortical cataract |
|
50 mg |
2,942% |
50 mg |
2,941% |
|
Vitamin B-3 (Niacinamide)
increases HDL decreases LDL and triglycerides;
protective against cortical cataract;
The niacin form of vitamin B3 also regulates cholesterol,
though niacinamide does not.
large doses of niacin (1500 mg) decreases fibrinogen;
Special form of B3: Inositol hexaniacinate (flush-free niacin) — 1,000
- 3,000 mgs daily, can lower total cholesterol blood levels by as much
as 18%, raise HDL-cholesterol by 32% and lower triglycerides by 26%.
Has been used successfully to treat intermittent
claudication. A double-blind trial explored the effect of 2 gm for 3
months. In non-smokers and in people with unchanged smoking habits,
the increase in walking distance was significantly greater than in the
placebo group.
Since it has not been linked with any of the usual niacin toxicity in
scientific research, some doctors recommend inositol hexaniacinate for
people who need large amounts of niacin. |
1000 – 1500 mg
of inositol hexaniacinate
1,000 mg extended-release niacin increased HDL
cholesterol an average 21% |
50 mg |
250% |
50 mg |
250% |
|
Vitamin B-5 (Pantothenic acid) Makes the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
Essential in producing, transporting, and releasing energy from
fats. Synthesis of cholesterol.
Byproduct Pantethine lowers cholesterol and
triglycerides |
|
50 mg |
500% |
|
|
|
Vitamin B-6
Lowers homocysteine.
A homocysteine level above 18.6 micromol/liter had a 2.43 times higher
risk of suffering a heart attack and a 2.53 higher risk of having a
stroke |
50-100 mg
250 mg for atherosclerosis |
100 mg |
5,000% |
50 mg |
2,500% |
|
Vitamin B-12 (Cyanocobalamin)
Lowers homocysteine;
cortical and nuclear cataracts (40-70 per cent risk reduction). |
1 mg/day taken sublingually |
100 mcg |
1,666% |
50 mcg |
833% |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Intrinsic Factors |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Dessicated Stomach Substance
aids in the absorption of Vitamin B12 |
|
200 mg |
** |
|
|
|
Folic Acid
Lowers homocysteine;
cortical and nuclear cataracts (40-70 per cent risk reduction). |
400-800 micrograms;
5 mg for atherosclerosis |
400 mcg |
100% |
400 mcg |
100% |
|
Choline Bitartrate
needed for the proper transmission of nerve impulses from the brain
through the central nervous system as well as for gallbladder
regulation, liver function, & lecithin formation. |
|
400 mg |
** |
50 mg |
* |
|
Inositol
required for proper formation of cell membranes. Affects nerve
transmission and helps in transporting fats within the body |
|
400 mg |
** |
50 mcg |
* |
|
PABA (Para-Aminobenzoic Acid)
antioxidant |
|
50 mg |
** |
50 mg |
* |
|
Biotin
deficiency symptoms: dermatitis, depression, hair loss, anemia, and
nausea
8–16 mg per day may be supportive for people with diabetes by lowering
blood glucose levels and by preventing diabetic neuropathy.
2.5 mg per day strengthened the fingernails of two-thirds of a group
of people with brittle nails |
30–70 mcg |
500 mcg |
166% |
50 mcg |
17% |
|
DNA/RNA
"no single method has
increased longevity more than supplementing DNA and RNA elements" |
|
100 mg |
** |
2 mg
2 mg |
*
* |
|
DMAE
no provable benefit |
|
60 mg |
** |
|
|
|
DMG (Dimethylglycine)
enhances the effectiveness of the immune system.
detoxifying agent and antioxidant |
|
40 mg |
** |
|
|
|
DHEA
(dehydroepiandrosterone)
Blood sugar control.
Inhibit low-density lipoprotein oxidation, plaque formation, platelet
aggregation, and cell proliferation. |
|
25 mg |
** |
|
|
|
Alpha Lipoic Acid
(antioxidant, insulin sensitivity) enhance glucose uptake
minimize effects of smoking |
100 mg 3 times |
20 mg |
** |
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Proanthocyanidins & Herbs |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pine Bark Extract
antioxidant, anti-inflammatory.
Potential to relieve high blood pressure, asthma, heart disease and
skin cancer |
|
20 mg |
** |
|
|
|
Grape Seed Extract
antioxidant
prevent and treat circulatory disorders.
strengthen blood vessel walls and reduce capillary permeability |
|
40 mg |
** |
|
|
|
Bilberry
treat urinary tract infections, kidney stones, and diabetes. treat
diarrhea. Improve night vision |
240–600 mg |
100 mg |
** |
|
|
|
Bayberry
blood purifier and detoxifier |
|
100 mg |
** |
|
|
|
Astragalus
Traditional Chinese Medicine used for night sweats, fatigue, weakness,
loss of appetite, and diarrhea.2 |
|
100 mg |
** |
|
|
|
Cat's Claw
supports the body's defense, circulatory and gastrointestinal systems
through its antioxidant properties |
|
300 mg |
** |
|
|
|
Green Tea Extract
antioxidant
prevents oxidation of low-density lipoprotein, a risk factor for
coronary heart disease
may offer protection against certain cancers. |
|
400 mg |
** |
|
|
|
Reishi Mushroom
See reishi in Articles. |
|
300 mg |
** |
|
|
|
Shitake Mushroom |
|
300 mg |
** |
|
|
|
Maitake Mushroom |
|
100 mg |
** |
|
|
|
Rosemary
antioxidant and anti-inflammatory.
reduces inflammation which may contribute to asthma, liver disease and
heart disease.
mild diuretic - reduces swollen ankles and bloating |
400mg twice |
100 mg |
** |
|